From the guru to Wall Street's gurus comes the fundamental techniques of value investing and their applications Bruce Greenwald is one of the leading authorities on value investing. Some of the savviest people on Wall Street have taken his Columbia Business School executive education course on the subject. Its truly a modern approach to Ben Graham and Warren Buffett. Bruce Greenwald’s 3-Step approach to valuing a company is one that a) makes sense and b) does not put too much emphasis on future growth. For those individuals that have not had a chance to read the book, Greenwald advocates a 3 step approach to valuing a company.
- Value the assets
- Find the company’s Earnings Power Value (EPV = Adjusted Earnings x 1/R, where R is the current cost of capital or rate of return
- Only when the company displays a franchise can we incorporate growth into the equation
Especially during the dot-com boom, #1 (Assets) was highly ignored. Companies that had little to no assets were valued greater than a stalwart like Proctor and Gamble (PG). The beauty about investing in companies with hard assets is, if the company disappoints on in the earnings front, one can sleep conferable at night knowing the assets are there (like a safety net). Dot-com companies never had this safety net and the stock price experienced catastrophic declines when earnings disappointed. #2 can be applied to just about any company but I highly suggest looking at companies who have a history of consistency. Third on the list is factoring growth where a franchise is in place. Greenwald defines a franchise as when the firms EPV exceed the company’s Asset Value (43). Another way to think about this is what Warren Buffett calls a moat. Companies with a moat tend not to require additional investment, but can still increase its earnings (think See’s Candies, Burlington Northern). Now, Greenwald and Co. do a tremendous job in walking the reader on how to analyze a company and valuing the company using his 3 step approach. A number of case studies highlight the techniques in practice ( he values WD-40 Co (WDFC) and Intel (INTC)) but the second half of the book is devoted to value investors and some of the techniques they employ.
The second half of the book profiles value investors that have outperformed the market. Greenwald devotes the most attention to Warren Buffett and highlights some of Warren Buffett’s shareholder letters. Below are the value investors highlighted and the chapter title
- Warren Buffett :Investing Is Allocating Capital
- Mario Gabelli : Discovering and Unlocking the Private Market Value
- Glenn Greenberg : Investigate, Concentrate and -Watch that Basket
- Robert H. Heilbrunn : Investing In Investors
- Seth Klarman: Distressed Sellers, Absent Buyers
- Michael Price: Discipline, Patience, Focus, and Power
- Walter and Edwin Schloss: Keep It Simple, and Cheap
- Paul D. Sonkin: Small Is Beautiful, Especially When It’s Ugly
